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Artist: Milton, John (1608-1674) Confronting Bodies: Cromwell and the Parliament of Protestant England Date of Action: 1476 Specific Location: England, Italy Description of Artwork: "Areopagitica, A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parliament of England", 1644: a call on the astronomer Galileo who was in semi-captivity because of the Roman Church. A famed eloquent plea for freedom of the pen. "Eikonoklastes," 1649: self portrait of the Royal Saint Martyr, catching the public in its first shock of horror over the execution of Charles I, was one of the most potent pieces of propaganda in English history. "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio," 1651. "Paradise Lost," 1667: prose, denial of predestination in the theological sense. Milton speaks of "patience and heroic martyrdom" as themes unsung though nobler than martial prowess. "State Papers," 1676. Description of Incident: 1476, England: Shortly after Caxton set up his press in Westminster, the crown forbade all printing except by Royal permission. This prelicensing continued for nearly 200 years, eventually calling forth the "Areopagitica, A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicence'd Printing, to the Parliament of England." 1644: "Areopagitica, A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicence'd Printing, to the Parliament of England" was delivered before parliament and was published without license in defiance of a restraining ordinance. 1652, France: "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio," was written as a reply to the attack on the Commonwealth of Salmasius, was burned for political reasons. 1660, England: "Eikonoklastes" was burned by the common hangman at the time of Restoration for attacking the hypocrisy of the religion of Charles I, and for arguing against the divine right of kings. Results of Incident: 1644, England: "Areopagitica, A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicence'd Printing, to the Parliament of England" was condemned by Cromwell and the Parliament of Protestant England for such sentences as this: "And yet on the other hand unless wariness be used, as good almost kill a man as kill a good Booke... who destroys a good Booke, kills Reason itself, kills the Image of God as it were in the eye." 1660, England: "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio" was publicly burned. In the case of "Eikonoklastes" the author escaped the scaffold only through the influence of friends. 1694, Rome, Italy: "State Papers," published posthumously and surreptitiously, was listed on the Index. 1695, England: Precensorship of the press abolished and never again enforced. 1758, Rome, Italy: "Paradise Lost", translated into Italian by Paolo Rolli, listed on the Index. Source: Banned Books 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D., by Anne Lyon Haight, and Chandler B. Grannis, R.R. Bowker Co, 1978. |